IFRS 2, Share-based payments
By Graham Holt
Introduction
The standard applies where a company acquires or receives goods and services for equity based payment. These goods can include inventories, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, and other non-financial assets but there are two notable exceptions. Shares issued in a business combination are dealt with under IFRS3 ‘Business Combinations' and contracts for the purchase of goods that are within the scope of IAS32 and IAS39 are excluded from this standard. Also a purchase of treasury shares would not fall within the scope of IFRS2 nor a rights issue where some of the employees are shareholders.
Examples of some of the arrangements that would be accounted for under IFRS2 are call options, share appreciation rights, share ownership schemes, and payments for services made to external consultants based on the company's equity capital.
Recognition of share-based payment
IFRS 2 requires an expense to be recognised for the goods or services received by the company. The corresponding entry in the accounting records will either be a liability or an increase in the equity of the company depending upon whether the transaction is to be settled in cash or equity shares. Goods or services acquired in a share based payment transaction should be recognised when they are received. In the case of goods then this will be obviously the date this occurs. However, it is often more difficult to determine when services are received. If shares are issued that vest immediately then it can be assumed that these are in consideration of past employee services. As a result the expense should be recognised immediately.
Alternatively if the share options vest in the future then it is considered that the equity instruments relate to future services and recognition is spread over that period
Equity-Settled Transactions
Equity settled transactions with employees and directors would normally be expensed based upon their fair value at the grant date. Fair value should be based on market prices wherever this is possible. Many shares and share options will not be traded on an active market. If this is the case then valuation techniques, such as the option pricing model, would be used. IFRS2 does not set out which pricing model should be used but describes the factors which should be taken into account. It says that ‘intrinsic value' should only be used where the fair value cannot be reliably estimated.
Intrinsic value is the difference between the fair value of the shares and the price that is to be paid for the shares by the counterparty.
The objective of the IFRS is to determine and recognise the compensation costs over the period in which the services are rendered. For example, if a company grants share options to employees that vest in the future if they are still employed, then the following sets out the accounting process
- the fair value of the options will be calculated at the date the options are granted;
- this fair value will be charged to the income statement equally over the vesting period with adjustments made at each accounting date to reflect the best estimate of the number of options that will eventually vest;
(iii) shareholders' equity will be increased by an amount equal to the income statement charge. The charge in the income statement reflects the number of options vested. If employees decide not to exercise their options because the share price is lower than the exercise price then no adjustment is made to the income statement. On early settlement of an award without replacement, a company should charge the balance that would have been charged over the remaining period.
Example 1
A company issues share options in order to pay for the purchase of inventory. The share options were issued on 1 June 20X6. The inventory is eventually sold on 31 December 20X8. The value of the inventory on 1 June 20X6 was $6 million and this value was unchanged up to the date of sale. The sale proceeds were $8 million. The shares issued have a market value of $6.3 million.
How will this transaction be dealt with in the financial statements?
Answer
IFRS2 says that the fair value of the goods and services received should be used to value the share options unless the fair value of the goods cannot be measured reliably. Thus equity would be increased by $6 million and inventory increased by $6 million. The inventory value will be expensed on sale.
Performance conditions
Often schemes contain conditions which must be met before there is entitlement to the shares. These are called vesting conditions. If the condition is specifically related to the market price of the company's shares then such conditions are ignored for the purposes of estimating the number of equity shares that will vest. The thinking behind this is that these conditions have already been taken into account when fair valuing the shares. If the performance condition is based upon, for example, the growth in profit or earnings per share then it is will have to be taken into account in estimating the fair value of the option at the grant date.
Example 2
A company grants two thousand share options to each of its three directors on 1 January 20X6 subject to the Directors being employed on 31 December 20X8. The options vest on 31 December 20X8. The fair value of each option on 1 January 20X6 is $10 and it is anticipated that all of the share options will vest on 31 December 20X8.The options will only vest if the company's share price reaches $14 per share. The price at 31 December 20X6 was $8 and it is not anticipated that it will rise over the next two years. It is anticipated that there will only be two Directors employed on 31 December 20X8.
How will the share options be treated in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 20X6?
Answer
The market based condition i.e. the increase in the share price can be ignored for the purpose of the calculation. However the employment condition must be taken into account. The options will be treated as follows:
2000 options x 2 Directors x $10 x 1year/3 years = $ 13,333. Equity will be increased by this amount and an expense shown in the income statement for the year ended 31 December 20X6.
Cash Settled Transactions.
Cash settled share based payment transactions occur where goods or services are paid for at amounts that are based upon the price of the company's equity instruments. The expense for cash settled transactions is the cash paid by the company. As an example share appreciation rights entitle employees to cash payments equal to the increase in the share price of a given number of the company's shares over a given period. This creates a liability and the recognised cost is based on the fair value of the instrument at the reporting date. The fair value of the liability is re-measured at each reporting until settlement
Example 3
Jay, a public limited company, has granted three hundred share appreciation rights to each of its one five hundred employees on 1 July 20X5. The management feel that as at 31 July 20X6, the year end of Jay, eighty per cent of the awards will vest on 31 July 20X7. The fair value of each share appreciation right on 31 July 20X6 is $15.
What is the fair value of the liability to be recorded in the financial statements for the year ended 31 July 20X6?
Answer
300 rights x 500 employees x 80% x $15 x 1year/2year = $900,000
Deferred Tax Implications
In some jurisdictions a tax allowance is often available for share based transactions. It is unlikely that the amount of the tax deduction will equal the amount charged to the income statement under the standard. Often the tax deduction is based on the option's intrinsic value which is the difference between the market price and exercise price of the share option. Thus a deferred tax asset will arise which represents the difference between a tax base of the employee's services received to date and the carrying amount which will effectively normally be zero. A deferred tax asset will be recognised if the company has sufficient future taxable profits against which it can be offset.
For cash settled share based payment transactions the standard requires the estimated tax deduction to be based on the current share price. As a result all tax benefits received or expected to be received are recognised in the income statement.
Example 4
A company operates in a country where it receives a tax deduction equal to the intrinsic value of the share options at the exercise date. The company grants share options to its employees with a fair value of $4.8 million at the grant date. The company receives a tax allowance based on the intrinsic value of the options which is $4.2 million. The tax rate applicable to the company is 30% and the share options vest in three years time.
Answer
A deferred tax asset would be recognised as $4.2m @ 30% tax rate x 1 year/3 years = $420,000. The deferred tax will only be recognised if there is sufficient future taxable profits available.
Disclosure
IFRS2 requires extensive disclosure requirements under three main headings. Firstly, information that enables users of financial statements to understand the nature and extent of the share based payment transactions that existed during the period. Secondly, information that allows users to understand how the fair value of the goods or services received or the fair value of the equity instruments which have been granted during the period was determined, and thirdly information that allows users of financial statements to understand the affect of expenses which have arisen from share based payment transactions on the entities income statement in the period.
The standard is applicable to equity instruments granted after 7 November 2002 but not yet vested on the effective date of the standard which is 1 January 2005. IFRS2 applies to liabilities arising from cash settled transactions that exist at 1 January 2005.