We take a look at the peculiar rules around exemptions and calculations
Chattels are defined as ‘tangible moveable property’. A tangible object is one that you can touch. The asset has to be a physical asset such as a piece of machinery or a painting.
There is no specific meaning for the term ‘moveable’ in the legislation. In general law, there are specific rules which determine whether an asset is moveable or has become fixed.
If an asset has not become part of the land or any building to which it is attached, then it retains its separate identity. If, however, it is permanently or semi-permanently attached to the land or any building, it is regarded as part of that land or building.
Fine art, antiques, jewellery, fine wine, racehorses and other collectibles are examples of tangible moveable property.
A wasting chattel is a chattel with a useful life not exceeding 50 years. Useful life is determined at the date of acquisition, having regard to the purpose for which the chattel was obtained.
A chattel which is wasting will be exempt from capital gains tax and any losses on it will not be allowable.
So, if a taxpayer buys a racehorse or fine wine and later sells it at a profit, the gain will be exempt from capital gains tax because it is a gain on the sale of a wasting chattel.
HMRC regards assets such as clocks and watches, trains, boats and yachts as machinery. Plant and machinery is always treated as having a predictable life of less than 50 years and so will always be a wasting chattel. As a result, even machinery which is prone to increase in value will be exempt from capital gains tax.
There is one instance when wasting chattels are not exempt from capital gains tax. This is when the wasting chattel is used in trade and capital allowances have been claimed or could have been claimed on them. There would therefore be two potential tax liabilities arising from the sale of business machinery at a gain; the first as a balancing charge, and the second in the form of tax on the chargeable gain. Any tax allowable loss arising on the sale of business plant and machinery is reduced to take account of relief given by capital allowances.
A non-wasting chattel is tangible movable property with an expected life of more than 50 years. Examples of non-wasting chattels include fine art, antiques, jewellery etc.
For non-wasting chattels, the following rules apply:
Gains on non-wasting chattels when proceeds are lower than £6,000
S262 of Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (TCGA) states that a gain accruing on a disposal of an asset which is tangible movable property shall not be a chargeable gain if the amount or value of the consideration for the disposal does not exceed £6,000.
Example 1
Karen bought a painting for £1,000 and sold it for £5,900. The gain of £4,900 is exempt from capital gains tax because the disposal proceeds do not exceed £6,000.
Losses on non-wasting chattels when proceeds are lower than £6,000 and the cost of the asset was more than £6,000
According to s262(3) of TGCA, the loss accruing on the disposal of an asset is allowed. However, for the purposes of computing the amount of a loss accruing on the disposal, the consideration shall – where less than £6,000 – be deemed to be £6,000.
Example 2
Eve bought a painting for £10,000 by a famous Polish painter; two years later she sells it for £3,000 and incurs expenses of £50. The cash loss is £7,050 (being actual proceeds of £3,000 less cost of sale £50 less cost of painting £10,000).
However, for CGT purposes, the allowable loss is restricted as gross proceeds are deemed to be £6,000. The allowable loss is therefore £4,050 (being deemed proceeds of £6,000 less cost of sale £50 less cost of painting £10,000).
Gains on non-wasting chattels when proceeds are higher than £6,000 (the 5/3 rule)
If the amount of consideration exceeds £6,000 but the original acquisition cost was less than £6,000, s262(2) of TCGA allows the gain to be capped at 5/3 of the gross proceeds less £6,000.
This means that when calculating the gain on the sale of a chattel where proceeds exceed £6,000 but the original cost was less than £6,000 two computations are required:
The lower of these will be the gain.
Example 3
Patricia bought a rare Chinese vase for £2,000 and a few years later she sold it for £9,000. She incurred auction expenses of £500.
As the proceeds exceed £6,000 but the original acquisition cost was less than £6,000, two computations are required:
The gain is the lower of two, ie £5,000.
Gains on non-wasting asset when the asset was bought and sold for more than £6,000
If an asset is bought and sold for more than £6,000, the gain is calculated in the normal way by taking proceeds less cost.
It is worth noting that the normal rules for calculating gains or losses on the disposal of a single chattel may not apply if the taxpayer disposes of a ‘set’ of chattels.
A set is a number of chattels that are similar and complementary to each other and are worth more together than separately; for example books by the same author or matching ornaments.
If the parts of the set are sold to the same person, or a number of people acting together, then the £6,000 limit applies to all of the set collectively and not to each member of the set individually.
Bottled wines and spirits are chattels (tangible moveable property) so disposals for £6,000 or less will be exempt. If the bottles are disposed of to the same person then they may form a set. This would depend on the facts of the case including: