Finance Act 2013, Schedule 3 imposes a limit on the amount of ‘income tax reliefs’ that an individual may claim.

The limit applies to certain reliefs which, prior to 2013/14, had been unrestricted. The new restriction limits the tax relief available on the affected reliefs (which are considered below) to the greater of:

• 25% of the individual's adjusted total income (total income less pension contributions) for the tax year, and
• £50,000.

The following list summarises the reliefs that are affected by the restriction:

• trading losses – relief against general income in the tax year of loss or preceding tax year under Income Tax Act (ITA) 2007, s.64;
• losses in early years of trade – relief for losses incurred in the first four years of trading against general income of the preceding three tax years under ITA 2007, s.72;
• post-cessation trade relief – available for qualifying losses within seven years of the permanent cessation of a trade under ITA 2007, s.96;
• interest on certain loans, including to buy an interest in an unquoted trading company or a trading partnership under ITA 2007, Chapter1, Part 8;
• property loss relief against general income and post-cessation property losses – available for losses generated by capital allowances under ITA 2007, s.120 and s.125 respectively;
• employment loss relief (generally due to excess claims under ITEPA 2003, s.336) and former employee’s deduction for liabilities under ITA 2007, s.128 and ITEPA 2003, s.555 respectively;
• share loss relief on losses subscribed for in an unquoted trading company or holding company of a trading group under ITA 2007, Chapter 6 Part 4. This excludes shares under the enterprise investment scheme (EIS) and the seed enterprise investment scheme (SEIS);
• losses on deep discount securities under Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act (ITTOIA) 2005. 

It should be noted that the restriction does not apply to losses generated by the crystallisation of overlap relief.

It is also welcome news for charities that the government dropped its initial proposal to include charitable donations in the list of restricted reliefs.

A further important point to note is that where losses are being set off against capital gains, the restriction does not affect the amount of losses that may be set off against capital gains.

Where a taxpayer has a number of reliefs that are subject to the restriction, the taxpayer may choose the order of set off, for example:

Luke has the following income for 2013-14:

His adjusted net income and available reliefs would be as follows:

The taxpayer may choose to use the loan interest first, as this cannot be carried forward to a later year and carry forward the trading losses against future profits from the same trade.

The new rules apply for tax years commencing 6 April 2013 onwards. However, transitional rules apply for losses arising after that date which are carried back to the 2012/13 tax years or earlier. If losses are being carried back, eg losses in early years of trade, in these circumstances, then the restriction will apply.

The position becomes more complicated when looking at UK resident, non-domiciled taxpayers who are subject to the remittance basis and subject to the £30,000 or £50,000 remittance basis charge.

If there is insufficient UK and nominated foreign income available to cover the available reliefs, a further amount of foreign income is deemed to be added to give a tax increase equal to the remittance basis charge. This is best illustrated by way of an example:

Jemima has UK income of:

£2,000,000

and is claiming reliefs subject to the restriction of:

£600,000

Jemima claims the remittance basis and pays the remittance basis levy:

 £30,000

Based on her UK income, without the deemed addition, the reliefs would be restricted to:

 £2,000,000 x 25% = £500,000

Her income subject to tax would be:

£1,500,000

As there are surplus reliefs available, it is necessary to add an amount of deemed income in order to ascertain the amount of reliefs that may be used, as follows:

Remittance basis charge £30,000 grossed up at marginal rate of tax:

£30,000 x 100/45 = £66,667

The amount of adjusted net income on which the restricted reliefs will be based is therefore:

£2,000,000 + £66,667 = £2,066,667

Jemima’s restricted reliefs are therefore:

£2,066,667 x 25% = £516,667

rather than £500,000.

The restriction of reliefs is something that will need to be borne in mind from 2013/14 onwards. However, due to the way in which the restriction operates, the legislation is intended to catch abusive use of reliefs by higher earners.